Insights
Guides and articles.
Practical guides on companies, debt recovery, enforcement of foreign judgments, employment and real estate in Türkiye.
Featured · September 2026
Shareholder Deadlock and Exit Remedies in Turkish Companies: Dissolution for Just Cause (TCC Art. 531), Buy-Out at Real Value, and Withdrawal in Limited Companies
Strategy for foreign shareholders on dissolution for just cause (TCC Art. 531), the court's power to order a buy-out at the real value of the shares as at the date closest to judgment, the limited company routes in Arts. 636/3 and 638/2, and protective measures while proceedings run.
Disputes & Enforcement · 10 min
The collection
2024–2026182 pieces listed
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When a Relative from Germany Dies in Türkiye: The First Weeks for the Estate, the Consulate, Bank Accounts and the Three-Month Rule
A father from Cologne dies during the summer in his home town in Türkiye; a German retiree dies in her flat in Alanya. The family in Germany has to decide quickly what to secure and what not to touch. This guide explains, from the estate annex to the 1929 Turkish-German Consular Convention and the Turkish Civil Code, how the estate is protected, what the German consul may do, why heirs should not draw on the deceased's accounts too early, the three-month period to reject an inheritance where Turkish law applies, and how heirship is proved.
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German Companies and Turkish Counterparties: Interim Attachment, Injunctions on Guarantees and the Short Deadlines That Follow
A Turkish buyer stops paying and starts selling its machinery; a Turkish customer moves to draw on the bank guarantee a German supplier provided; a Turkish statement of claim or payment order arrives at a GmbH in Bavaria. Each of these has a step under Turkish law with a short and fixed time limit. This guide sets out interim attachment under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law, interim injunctions under the Code of Civil Procedure, and the answer and objection periods that run once Turkish papers are served, with the deadlines in one table.
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Traffic Accident on Holiday in Türkiye: The Criminal File, Conciliation and the Insurance Claim for Drivers and Victims from Germany
A hire car from Antalya airport, a junction near Bodrum, a scooter in Marmaris. When a road accident on holiday causes injury, two files open in Türkiye at once: a criminal investigation for negligent injury or death, and a compensation claim that usually runs through the compulsory traffic insurer. This guide explains, from the Turkish Criminal Code, the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Road Traffic Law No. 2918, how each works for a German driver and for a German victim, which deadlines apply, and what to secure in the first days.
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Cash, Gold or Jewellery Held by Turkish Customs at the Airport: Declaration Limits, the Fine and the Challenge
A family from Essen leaves Istanbul with savings in euros for a flat purchase that fell through; a German-Turkish couple fly home from Izmir with wedding gold. At the departure check customs can hold cash that was not declared, and jewellery above the limit needs proof to leave. This guide sets out the declaration limits in force on 25 October 2026 under Decree No. 32 and its Communiqué, what happens to undeclared cash, the administrative fine under Law No. 1567 and the fifteen-day challenge, how jewellery is treated, and where goods fall under the Anti-Smuggling Law.
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German Citizen Detained in Türkiye: The First Hours, the Lawyer, the Consulate and the Remand Hearing
A German on holiday is arrested after a traffic accident or a fight; a German-Turkish businessman is taken in over a fraud complaint. This guide follows the Turkish Code of Criminal Procedure through the first hours and days: how long police custody may last, the right to stay silent and to see a lawyer, the interpreter, who tells the family and the German consulate, how a judge decides between remand and judicial control, and how a remand order is challenged.
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Exit Ban in Türkiye for a German Citizen: Where It Comes From and How It Is Changed or Lifted
A holidaymaker from Hamburg is released after a road accident but told he may not leave the country; a German engineer finishing a project in Izmir learns at the airport that a fraud complaint has led to a ban on travel abroad. When such a ban is ordered in a Turkish criminal file, it is an obligation of judicial control under Article 109 of the Code of Criminal Procedure. This guide explains who orders it, how long it can last, how it is reviewed, and the two routes for changing or lifting it: a request to the judge and an objection.
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Stopped at a Turkish Airport with a Stone, a Fossil, an Old Coin or an Antique: What Law No. 2863 Says
A fossil picked up on a hike in Cappadocia, a handful of old coins bought at a bazaar in Ephesus, a carved stone fragment found on a beach, a brass lamp from an antiques shop in Istanbul: at the X-ray machine on the way home such objects can lead to seizure and a criminal investigation. This guide explains, from Law No. 2863 on the Protection of Cultural and Natural Property and the Code of Criminal Procedure, which objects the Law protects, what is an offence, what happens to the object, why the remand rules are stricter here, and what a German traveller and the family can do.
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Commercial Books as Evidence in a Turkish Debt Claim: HMK Article 222 and the Bookkeeping Rules of the Turkish Commercial Code
A foreign supplier suing a Turkish buyer for an unpaid invoice will meet the question of commercial books (ticari defterler) early in the case. This guide explains when the parties' books can be accepted as evidence under Article 222 of the Code of Civil Procedure (HMK), the opening and closing certifications required by Article 64 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TCC), what happens when one side does not produce its books, the duty to keep books and correspondence under TCC Article 82, the court's power to order production even against a foreign party under TCC Article 83, and how book evidence fits into mediation, an objection to a payment order and an action to annul that objection.
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Lawyer in Türkiye for Clients in Germany: Turkish Matters Handled for People and Companies in Germany
Many Turkish legal matters can be handled while the client stays in Germany. The power of attorney is signed at a Turkish consulate in Germany or before a German notary and then apostilled; German records are translated into Turkish; the lawyer acts in Türkiye and reports in English or Turkish. Below: how that works from Germany, what the two 1929 agreements between the countries say about lawsuits and estates, and seven situations that often come from Germany.
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Heirs in Germany and Property in Turkey: The 1929 Estate Rules, the Erbschein and the Turkish Certificate of Inheritance
Two sisters in Cologne inherit their German mother's flat in Alanya and her Turkish bank account; a family in Stuttgart inherits a Turkish father's house in Kayseri; a will signed in Munich leaves a flat in Bodrum. This guide explains what the 1929 Turkish-German estate annex decides, why an Erbschein can prove heirship to a bank account but does not by itself move a title deed, where the Turkish certificate of inheritance comes from, how dual citizens and Blue Card holders stand, and how the three-month renunciation period runs.
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Enforcing a German Court Judgment in Türkiye: Reciprocity, Finality and the 1929 Convention
No treaty between Germany and Türkiye provides for the enforcement of civil and commercial judgments in general, so a German judgment needs an enforcement decision (tenfiz) from a Turkish court under Law No. 5718 (MÖHUK). This guide explains how reciprocity and finality under German law are shown, which German documents the Turkish court expects, what the 1929 Turkish-German convention does for security and costs orders, and how collection begins once enforcement is granted.
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Signing a Power of Attorney in Germany for Use in Türkiye: Turkish Consulate or German Notary and Apostille
A flat sale in Alanya, a mother's estate in Trabzon or a company claim in Istanbul can be run from Germany through a power of attorney. This guide compares signing at a Turkish consulate general in Germany with signing before a German notary and obtaining an apostille, and explains translation, the powers Turkish law wants spelled out, what the 1929 Turkish-German agreements add, and revocation.
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Recognition of a German Divorce in Turkey: From the Familiengericht to the Turkish Civil Register
A divorce decided by a German Familiengericht ends the marriage in Germany once it becomes final, but the Turkish civil register keeps showing the marriage until the divorce is entered there. This guide explains registration at a Turkish mission in Germany under Article 27/A of Law No. 5490, the German papers the commission asks for, when a recognition case before a Turkish family court is needed, and why orders on children, maintenance and pensions follow separate rules.
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German Sellers and Unpaid Invoices From Turkish Buyers: CISG, Enforcement and Attachment
A company in Germany delivered goods to a buyer in Türkiye and the euro invoices are overdue. This guide explains why the CISG governs most of these sales, what it leaves to Turkish law, how a Turkish payment order, mediation and the action to annul an objection work, when assets can be attached before judgment, and what the 1929 Turkish-German convention changes for security for costs.
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Assignment of Receivables in Türkiye: How a Creditor Transfers a Commercial Claim under TBK Articles 183 to 194
A foreign supplier, lender or investor holding an unpaid claim against a Turkish company can transfer that claim to another person instead of collecting it itself. This guide explains the assignment of receivables (alacağın devri, also called alacağın temliki) under Articles 183 to 194 of the Turkish Code of Obligations: which claims can be assigned, the written form, why the debtor should be notified, the defences the debtor keeps, the priority and accessory rights that pass, the assignor's warranty and assignment in order to pay a debt, with pointers to factoring under Law No. 6361, a pending court action and a concordat moratorium.
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Enforcing a Mortgage in Türkiye: A Lender's Guide to Realising the Security under EBL Articles 145 to 153
A foreign bank, fund or trade creditor holding a mortgage (ipotek) or pledge over assets in Türkiye recovers through a special route: enforcement by realisation of the security. This guide explains the creditor's side of Articles 145 to 153 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law and the Civil Code provisions behind them: why the security must be pursued first, the execution order and the payment order, the debtor's objections and requests for a stay, credit mortgages securing current accounts and loans, rents, valuation, the one-year limit for requesting the sale, distribution of the proceeds and the shortfall certificate.
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Limitation Periods for Commercial Debts in Türkiye: A Creditor's Guide to TCO Articles 146 to 161
A foreign supplier or lender owed money by a company in Türkiye needs to know when the claim becomes time-barred. This guide explains the creditor's side of Articles 146 to 161 of the Turkish Code of Obligations: the general ten-year period and the five-year list, when the period starts, interruption by acknowledgment, lawsuit, arbitration or enforcement proceedings, suspension during mandatory mediation, the effect on interest, joint debtors and sureties, the separate periods for bills of exchange, promissory notes and cheques, and why limitation must be raised by the debtor.
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Turkish Laws in English: Where to Read the Official Texts and Reliable Translations
No Turkish code has an English text with legal force. For nine core laws, from the Constitution to the Code of Obligations, this guide gives the official Turkish text on mevzuat.gov.tr and every English version we could verify, with its publisher, date, coverage and the amendments it misses.
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Removing a Debtor's Objection in Turkish Enforcement: The Creditor's Route Under EBL Articles 68 to 70
A foreign creditor started enforcement without a judgment in Türkiye and the debtor objected, so the proceedings stopped. This guide explains the creditor's side of Articles 68, 68/a, 68/b, 69 and 70 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law: which documents allow a request for removal of the objection before the enforcement court, the six-month time limits, temporary removal where a signature is denied, the indemnity of not less than twenty per cent, and how the route compares with the action for annulment of the objection under Article 67.
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Joint Ventures as an Ordinary Partnership in Türkiye: Contributions, Management, Liability and Exit (TCO 620-645)
Two companies that agree to pursue a project together, without forming a company, may be in an ordinary partnership under Turkish law. This guide walks through Articles 620 to 645 of the Turkish Code of Obligations: the definition, contributions and profit sharing, decisions and management, duties between partners, new partners and exit, dealings with third parties, termination and liquidation, and sets the structure beside the commercial company.
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Unpaid Invoices From Turkish Buyers: A Recovery Guide for UK Exporters
A company in England, Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland sold goods to a Turkish buyer and the sterling invoice is unpaid. This guide explains when the CISG still governs the sale although the UK has not joined it, which law a Turkish court applies, what an English law clause, a London award or a UK judgment achieves in Türkiye, and how Turkish enforcement, mediation, attachment and concordat rules work for the seller.
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British Patients Harmed After Treatment in Türkiye: Teeth, Hair and Surgery Claims Under Turkish Law
Many people in the United Kingdom go to Türkiye for veneers and crowns, hair transplants, weight-loss or cosmetic surgery, often through a package sold by a UK-facing agency. When something goes wrong after the flight home, the follow-up care happens in the UK while the clinic, the doctors and the records stay in Türkiye. This guide explains, under Turkish law, how to obtain the Turkish file, who can be held liable, how a claim reaches a Turkish court and which time limits to plan around.
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UK Heirs of Property in Turkey: Why Probate Is Not Enough, UK Wills and the Turkish Certificate of Inheritance
Three siblings in Kent, Glasgow and Belfast inherit their mother's villa in Kalkan, a widow in Leeds inherits from her Turkish husband, and an English will leaves a flat in Bodrum to a niece. This guide explains which law governs a house in Türkiye, why a grant of probate, letters of administration or Scottish confirmation does not transfer the title deed, how the Turkish certificate of inheritance is obtained, what the 1961 Hague Convention does for a UK will and how the three-month renunciation period runs.
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Recognition of a UK Divorce in Turkey: From the Final Order to the Turkish Civil Register
A final order from England and Wales, a decree of divorce from Scotland or a decree absolute from Northern Ireland ends the marriage in the UK, but the Turkish civil register still shows it until the divorce is entered there. This guide explains registration at a Turkish mission in the UK under Article 27/A of Law No. 5490, when a recognition case before a Turkish family court is needed, and how child arrangements and maintenance orders are treated.
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Serving UK Court Documents and Taking Evidence in Türkiye: The 1931 UK-Türkiye Convention and the Hague Conventions
A claim in England and Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland against a defendant in Türkiye, or one that needs a witness or records located there, can use two layers of treaty law: the 1931 UK-Türkiye convention on legal proceedings and the Hague Service and Evidence Conventions. This guide sets out what each text provides, what Türkiye has declared, how a Turkish court executes a letter of request, what Turkish data protection and bank secrecy rules mean for disclosure, and what a company in Türkiye should check when UK court papers arrive.
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Enforcing a UK Court Judgment in Türkiye: Reciprocity, Service on Turkish Defendants and the 1931 Convention
No treaty between the United Kingdom and Türkiye provides for the recognition and enforcement of civil and commercial judgments in general, so a judgment from England and Wales, Scotland or Northern Ireland needs an enforcement decision (tenfiz) from a Turkish court under Law No. 5718 (MÖHUK). This guide explains what the 1931 UK-Türkiye convention covers and what it leaves out, how reciprocity, finality and service are examined, when security for costs arises and how collection works once the Turkish court has ruled.
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Signing a Power of Attorney in the UK for Use in Türkiye: Turkish Consulate, UK Notary and the FCDO Apostille
A villa sale in Fethiye, a parent's estate in Kayseri or a company lawsuit in Istanbul can be run from the United Kingdom through a power of attorney. This guide compares signing at a Turkish Consulate General in London, Manchester or Edinburgh with signing before a UK notary or solicitor and obtaining an FCDO apostille, and explains translation, the powers Turkish law wants spelled out, and revocation.
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Lawyer in Türkiye for UK Clients: Turkish Matters Handled for People and Companies in the UK
Many Turkish legal matters can be handled while the client stays in the United Kingdom. The power of attorney is signed at the Turkish Consulate General in London, Edinburgh or Manchester, or before a UK notary and then apostilled by the FCDO; UK records are translated into Turkish; the lawyer acts in Türkiye and reports in English. Below: how that works from the UK, what the 1931 UK and Türkiye convention covers, and a short introduction to each of the seven UK guides.
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Unpaid USD Invoices From a Turkish Buyer: How US Exporters Collect in Türkiye
A US manufacturer or distributor shipped to a Turkish importer on open account and the USD invoice is overdue. This guide explains why the CISG usually governs the sale, how enforcement starts in Türkiye without a judgment, what the buyer's objection does, the mediation step before a lawsuit, attachment before judgment, a buyer's concordat, and where an arbitral award or a US judgment fits in.
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Medical Malpractice in Turkey for Foreign Patients: Legal Claims, Evidence and Time Limits
Foreign and international patients harmed by medical, dental, cosmetic, or bariatric surgery in Turkey can pursue civil compensation claims against clinics and physicians. This guide explains how to secure medical evidence, mandatory mediation, consumer court jurisdiction, time limits, and remote litigation.
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Inheriting Property in Turkey as a US Heir: Probate Letters, US Wills and the Turkish Title Transfer
Siblings in California and New York inherit their father's flat in Ankara, a US citizen widow inherits from her Turkish husband, and a will signed in New Jersey leaves a villa near Antalya. This guide explains which law governs, why US letters testamentary do not transfer a Turkish title deed, how the Turkish certificate of inheritance is obtained, what the 1961 Hague Convention does for a US will, what Article 35 says about US citizen heirs and how the three-month renunciation period runs.
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Recognition of a US Divorce in Turkey: Registering a State Court Decree or Going to a Turkish Family Court
A judgment of dissolution from a Florida, Illinois or California court ends the marriage in the United States, but the Turkish civil register keeps showing it until the divorce is entered there. This guide explains registration through the Turkish Embassy or one of the six Consulates General under Article 27/A of Law No. 5490, when a recognition case before a Turkish family court is needed instead, and what happens to custody and support orders, remarriage, surnames and inheritance.
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Serving US Court Papers and Taking Evidence in Türkiye: Hague Conventions, Turkish Procedure and Data Rules
A US lawsuit against a defendant in Türkiye, or one that needs witnesses or records located there, runs through two Hague Conventions and Turkish procedure. This guide explains how papers are served through Türkiye's Central Authority, why mail and local process servers are not the route, how Turkish courts execute letters of request, what Turkish data protection and bank secrecy rules mean for discovery, and why service done today matters for enforcement later.
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Enforcing a US Court Judgment in Türkiye: State-Law Reciprocity, Default Judgments and Punitive Damages
A judgment from a US state or federal court cannot be executed in Türkiye until a Turkish court grants enforcement (tenfiz) under Law No. 5718 (MÖHUK). This guide explains how reciprocity is shown for the state whose court gave the judgment, why a default judgment served by mail on a Turkish defendant is vulnerable, how punitive or treble damages meet Turkish public policy, and how collection works once the Turkish court has ruled.
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Power of Attorney and Apostille from the US for Use in Türkiye: Which Route for Which Matter
A sale at a Turkish land registry, a lawsuit, an inheritance or a company vote can be handled from the United States through a power of attorney. This guide explains the two routes (a Turkish consulate in the US, or a US notary followed by an apostille), which US authority issues the apostille, how the translation is made, what the Turkish text must authorize and how to revoke it.
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Lawyer in Türkiye for Americans: Running a Turkish Legal Matter from the United States
Most Turkish legal matters can be run without the client leaving the United States. The power of attorney is signed at one of the six Turkish Consulates General in the US, or before a US notary and then apostilled; US records are translated into Turkish; the lawyer acts in Türkiye and reports in English. This hub explains the process and summarizes the seven guides of the US series.
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Enforcing a Canadian Court Judgment in Türkiye: Tenfiz, Reciprocity and Service on Turkish Defendants
A judgment from a Canadian court has no direct effect in Türkiye. It must first pass an enforcement action (tenfiz) before a Turkish court under Law No. 5718 (MÖHUK). This guide explains the conditions, how reciprocity is shown for the province that gave the judgment, why service by mail or courier on a Turkish defendant is a weak point, which documents to bring from Canada and how collection works once the Turkish court has ruled.
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Lawyer in Türkiye for Canadians: How a Turkish Legal Matter Is Handled from Canada
A legal matter in Türkiye can usually be run from Canada: a power of attorney signed at a Turkish mission or before a Canadian notary with an apostille, documents translated into Turkish, and a Turkish lawyer acting in Türkiye and reporting in English. This hub explains how that works and where each of six common matters is decided, with a separate guide for each.
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Power of Attorney and Apostille from Canada for Türkiye: Turkish Consulate or Canadian Notary
A sale at the land registry, a lawsuit, an inheritance file or a company filing in Türkiye can be handled from Canada with a power of attorney. This guide compares the two routes (a Turkish consulate in Canada, or a Canadian notary followed by an apostille), explains which Canadian authority issues the apostille, what the document must say under Turkish law, and how to revoke it.
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Inheriting Property in Turkey as a Canadian Heir: Applicable Law, Canadian Estate Papers and the Tapu Transfer
A parent dies in Istanbul while the children live in Toronto, or a Canadian who bought an apartment in Antalya dies in Vancouver. Either way, the Turkish title does not move until heirship is proven in Türkiye. This guide explains which law applies, what Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec estate papers can and cannot do at a Turkish land registry, when a foreign heir may keep the property under Article 35, and how to reject an inheritance from Canada within three months.
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Recognition of a Canadian Divorce in Turkey: Consulate Registration or a Court Case
A divorce granted by a Canadian court ends the marriage in Canada, but the Turkish civil register keeps showing the spouses as married until the divorce is recorded there. This guide explains the two routes: registration through a Turkish consulate or civil registry office under Article 27/A of the Population Services Law, and a recognition case before a Turkish family court under Article 58 of MÖHUK. It also covers custody and support orders, remarriage in Türkiye, surnames and inheritance.
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Canadian Patients Harmed After Treatment in Türkiye: Medical Records, Time Limits and Claims Run from Canada
Canadians travel to Türkiye for hair transplants, dental work, bariatric and cosmetic surgery and eye procedures, and some come home with complications. This guide explains, from the Canadian side, how to secure the medical file from the Turkish clinic, which Turkish rules govern a claim against the clinic, the doctor, the insurer and the agency, which time limits to treat as the working deadline, and how much of the claim can be run from Canada.
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Canadian Exporters and Unpaid Invoices from Turkish Buyers: CISG, Mediation and Enforcement in Türkiye
A Canadian company shipped goods or delivered services to a buyer in Türkiye and the invoice is still open. This guide sets out which law governs the sale, the mediation step Turkish law requires before a commercial money action, how enforcement starts without a judgment, what happens when the buyer objects, interim attachment, security for costs and the documents to prepare in Canada.
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Suing Directors for Loss to the Company in Türkiye: The Shareholder's Claim under TCC Article 555
When directors harm a Turkish company, each shareholder may claim compensation for the company's loss, but may ask for payment only to the company. This guide explains the basis of liability in TCC Article 553, the claim in Article 555, cost sharing, bankruptcy, joint liability, the effect of a general assembly release, limitation, the competent court and the mediation step that comes before filing.
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Arbitration Agreements and the Arbitration Objection in Turkish Courts: Written Form, Validity and the Answer-Petition Deadline (HMK 412-413, Law 4686 Articles 4-5)
An arbitration clause protects a party only if it is valid and if it is raised in time. Turkish law sets a written-form rule, says the clause survives an invalid main contract, and treats the arbitration objection as a preliminary objection that must appear in the answer petition. This guide explains both regimes, domestic and international, and the steps that keep the clause alive.
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The Debtor's Declaration of Assets in Turkish Enforcement: Deadlines, Coercive Detention and False Statements (İİK 74-77, 338)
A Turkish debtor who does not pay must tell the enforcement office what assets, receivables and income they have. The deadlines are short, the sanction for silence is coercive detention ordered by the enforcement court, and a false declaration is a criminal offence. For a foreign creditor, the declaration is one tool among several, and it does not hold up attachment.
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Lex Lata and Lex Ferenda: What the Terms Mean and Why the Distinction Matters in Turkish Commercial Disputes
Lex lata means the law as it currently is; lex ferenda means the law as it ought to be or may become. The distinction sounds academic, yet in a Turkish commercial dispute it decides which rules a judge must apply, what a pending bill or a Constitutional Court challenge can and cannot change, and how arguments about the 'better' rule should be framed. This guide explains both terms and shows where the line runs under the Turkish Constitution, the Civil Code and the transitional rules of the Code of Obligations, the Code of Civil Procedure and the Criminal Code.
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Garnishment Notices in Turkey: Seizing What Banks, Customers and Tenants Owe Your Debtor (İİK Article 89)
A debtor company may have little in its own name and a great deal owed to it: bank balances, invoices due from customers, rent from tenants, goods held by a warehouse. Turkish enforcement law reaches those assets through the garnishment notice (haciz ihbarnamesi) in Article 89 of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law. This guide explains when a creditor can use it, what the third party must do within seven days, how silence turns into liability, the negative declaratory action the third party may bring, and the sanctions for a false answer.
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Interim Measures in International Arbitration in Türkiye: Court Injunctions, Precautionary Attachment and Orders of the Tribunal (Law No. 4686, Articles 1, 3, 6 and 10)
An arbitration clause does not leave a party defenceless while the tribunal is being formed. Turkish international arbitration law lets a party go to a Turkish court for an injunction or a precautionary attachment before or during the arbitration without breaching the clause, lets the tribunal order interim measures of its own, and gives the court a role when a party ignores them. This guide explains who can order what, the deadlines that make a court measure lapse, and how the regime applies when the seat is outside Türkiye.
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The Turkish Commercial Code (Law No. 6102) Explained: Structure, Company Types and the Rules Behind Shareholder Disputes
Every Turkish company a foreign investor owns, and almost every commercial contract it signs, is governed by the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102. A map of its six books, merchant duties, the capital deadline now extended to 31 December 2027 and the provisions that decide shareholder disputes.
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Collecting a Commercial Debt Through the Bankruptcy Route in Türkiye: The Seven-Day Payment Order, the Commercial Court and the Order to Pay or Deposit (İİK 43, 155-159)
Turkish enforcement law gives a creditor of a merchant two roads: attachment of assets or bankruptcy. The bankruptcy route is slower to start but carries a lever the attachment route lacks: once the commercial court finds the claim well founded, it orders the debtor to pay or deposit the debt within seven days, and a debtor who refuses is declared bankrupt at the first hearing. This guide explains when the lever is available, how it works step by step and when it is the wrong tool.
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When the Company Cannot Pay, the Director Does: Personal Liability for Turkish Tax, Social Security and Other Public Debts (VUK 10, Law 6183 Art. 35 and Rep. Art. 35, Law 5510 Art. 88)
A Turkish company's tax, customs, administrative fine and social security debts do not die with the company's insolvency. Three statutes carry them to the people who ran it: the Tax Procedure Law makes the legal representative liable for tax the company failed to pay because of unperformed duties, Law 6183 extends that to every public receivable that cannot be collected from the company, and Law 5510 makes senior managers jointly liable for unpaid premiums. Each has a condition, a procedure and a fifteen-day clock.
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A Turkish Cheque Bounced: What a Foreign Holder Can Recover, From Whom and How Fast (Cheque Law 5941, TCC 796-814, EBL 168)
A cheque drawn on a Turkish bank is the most common security a foreign supplier accepts from a Turkish buyer, and the one whose failure is most tightly regulated. When the bank writes 'karşılıksızdır' on it, the holder has a bank payment to collect, a ten-day enforcement route, a three-year limitation period and a criminal complaint that ends the moment the drawer pays with interest.
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Freezing a Debtor's Assets in Türkiye Before Judgment: Interim Attachment (İhtiyati Haciz) for Foreign Creditors (EBL 257–266)
A Turkish debtor who has stopped paying rarely keeps assets waiting for a judgment. Interim attachment lets a creditor freeze bank accounts, receivables and property on the strength of an unpaid, unsecured claim, often within days and without the debtor being heard, provided the creditor then keeps to a chain of short statutory deadlines.
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When the Majority Refuses to Pay Dividends: The Minority Shareholder's Right to Profits in Türkiye (TCC 408, 507–509, 519, 523)
Profits are made, reserves grow, the majority draws salaries and management fees, and the minority receives nothing. Turkish law does not give a shareholder a right to a dividend every year, but it does limit what the majority may retain and it gives the minority three concrete remedies.
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Squeezing Out Minority Shareholders in Türkiye: TCC Article 208, the Merger Cash-Out and the 98 Per Cent Rule for Public Companies
A 90 per cent shareholder in a private Turkish company, a 90 per cent vote in a merger, or a 98 per cent holder in a listed company: each opens a different statutory door to buying out the minority, on different conditions and at a differently defined price.
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When a 120-Day Payment Term Is Void: TCC Art. 1530(5)–(7) and the Gross Unfairness Test
Turkish Commercial Code Art. 1530 caps contractual payment terms in business-to-business supply at 60 days from invoice, delivery, or completed inspection. A longer term survives only in a narrow window.
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Employer Compliance When Engaging Foreign Workers in Türkiye: Duties and Penalty Exposure (Law 6735)
The permit is issued to the employer's application, and the duties that follow it are the employer's. Most penalties assessed against employers engaging foreign staff in Türkiye are not for hiring the wrong person; they are for failing to tell the Ministry something within fifteen days, or for letting payroll drift away from the terms on which the permit was granted.
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After a Workplace Accident in Türkiye: The Employer's Three Fronts — SGK Recourse, OHS Penalties and the Criminal File
One event, three files, and they do not wait for each other. The notification duties that run in the first seventy-two hours shape all three, and the record the employer builds in week one is the record every later decision-maker reads.
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Buying Property at a Turkish Enforcement Auction as a Foreigner: The Electronic Sale and the Domestic-Address Bar (İİK Art. 134)
Ownership at a Turkish enforcement auction passes at the fall of the electronic hammer, not at the land registry. For a foreign bidder that raises two separate questions: whether Land Registry Law Art. 35 permits the holding at all, and whether İİK Art. 134 lets you be heard if the sale is attacked.
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Unregistered Design Protection in Türkiye: Three Years, the Copying Requirement and Interim Relief (SMK Arts. 55, 69/2, 159)
Turkish law gives an unregistered design three years of protection from the date it is first made available to the public in Türkiye. The right is real but narrow: it bites only where the design has been copied, and an independent designer who could not reasonably have known of the earlier disclosure is outside it.
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Why a Contractual Limitation of Product Liability Is Void in Türkiye (Law No. 7223, Article 6/4) and Where the Burden of Proof Sits
A liability cap in a Turkish supply or distribution agreement does not survive Article 6/4 of Law No. 7223 — and the statute then divides the burden of proof in a way that is easy to misread.
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The 'Responsible Person' for Cosmetics in Türkiye: Notification Before Placing on the Market
A cosmetic product reaches the Turkish market only if a person established in Türkiye has been designated responsible for it. Who that person is, what must be notified before the first sale, and what happens when the file behind the notification is thin.
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Unlawful Occupation of Your Turkish Property: Two Separate Actions — Prevention of Interference and Ecrimisil
There is no single eviction action in Turkish law for a person occupying property without a contract. Getting the property back and getting paid for the occupation are two different claims, decided on different tests, and a third, faster administrative route closes 60 days after you learn of the occupation.
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Registering a Turkish Company Does Not Protect Your Brand: Trade Name (TCC 39–52) vs Trademark (SMK 7)
Incorporating in Türkiye puts a name on the trade registry, and that name comes with real rights — but they are trade name rights, not trademark rights. The two registers answer different questions, and a company that assumes the first covers the second can find its own registered name ordered deleted. This note sets out what each regime gives, where they collide, and the order in which the two filings should be made.
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Penalty Clauses in Turkish Non-Compete Covenants: Why the One-Sided Clause Survives, and What Defeats It Instead
A key employee has left for a competitor and the contract carries a penalty clause. Is a penalty that binds only the employee valid — and if it is, how much of it survives contact with a court?
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Two Mandatory Insurances in Turkish Healthcare: Complication Cover (Facility) and Physician Professional Liability (Add. Art. 12)
Two separate mandatory insurances meet in the same operating theatre, and both sit on the facility: complication cover under Article 6/1(c) of the 2025 International Health Tourism Regulation, and the physician's compulsory professional financial liability cover under Additional Article 12 of Law No. 1219 — including the statutory ban on deducting the employer's half of the premium from the doctor's pay.
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Subcontracting in Türkiye: When Contractor Workers Are Deemed Yours From Day One
Turkish labour law does not ask what the contract is called. It asks what work was handed over, whether both parties genuinely employ people at the site, and whether the arrangement conceals what the parties really agreed — and an invalid arrangement makes the contractor's workers the principal employer's from day one.
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Choice of Law in a Turkish Employment Contract: What the 2025 Amendments to MÖHUK Art. 27 Changed
A foreign governing-law clause in a contract performed in Türkiye is valid, but it never lowers the floor set by the law of the habitual workplace. Since 4 June 2025 a more closely connected law can displace the clause outright.
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A Payment Order From a Turkish Enforcement Office: The Seven-Day Objection and the Negative Declaratory Action
An order to pay from a Turkish enforcement office is not a judgment. The seven-day objection under İİK Art. 62, what it stops and what it does not, the creditor's one year and six months, and the 20 per cent indemnity that runs in both directions.
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Two Days, Eight Days or a Reasonable Time? Notice of Defect under TCC Art. 23(1)(c) and CISG Arts. 38–39
Between merchants, Turkish law sets a two-day and an eight-day notice period for defective goods. Where the CISG applies, Articles 38–39 replace them with a reasonable time. Which regime governs decides whether the claim survives.
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Indirect Representation and Joint Liability of Customs Brokers in Türkiye: The Importer's Position
In indirect representation the broker files the declaration in its own name for the importer's account, and Article 181(2) of Customs Law No. 4458 makes both of them debtors of the same duty. The knowledge limit in that paragraph caps the broker's liability and does nothing for the importer's; where the loss finally lands is settled by the power of attorney and the mandate rules of the Turkish Code of Obligations, not by the customs file.
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Expelling a Shareholder from a Two-Member Turkish LLC: Who Has Standing under TCC Art. 640(3)
For fourteen years the removal action in a two-member Turkish limited company was a right that could never be exercised: the claimant was the company, and the company could not resolve to sue. A Constitutional Court annulment in force since 17 March 2026 removed the bar.
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Transfer of an Undertaking in Türkiye: Automatic Transfer of Employees and the Transferor's Two-Year Liability (Labour Act Art. 6)
A buyer of a Turkish business does not choose which employees come with it. Article 6 of the Labour Act transfers every contract automatically, carries accrued seniority across, and leaves the seller answerable for two years — but only for a narrow class of debts.
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Collective Dismissal in Türkiye: Headcount Thresholds and the 30-Day Notification (Labour Act Art. 29)
Article 29 of the Labour Act turns a redundancy exercise into a regulated procedure once it crosses a headcount threshold within one month. The notification is only half of it: the consultation duty and the reinstatement regime carry the same weight, and neither is discharged by filing a form.
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Post-Clearance Audit in Türkiye: Is the Notification Period Three Years or Ten?
Under-collected customs duties must be notified within three years of the customs obligation under Article 197(2) — where the ten-year figure actually comes from, and the two provisions in the Law that displace the three years.
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Import Surveillance in Türkiye: Reference Prices, Reservation Declarations and the Refund Route
A legal guide to Türkiye's import surveillance regime — where the threshold unit value comes from, why it is not a customs value, and how the objection and refund routes have changed since 2021.
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The Four Cumulative Conditions of a Valid Release Deed in Türkiye — and What Happens When One Is Missing (TCO Art. 420)
Almost every Turkish dismissal ends with a signed release deed, and a large share of those documents are legally worthless. Article 420 of the Turkish Code of Obligations sets four conditions that must all be satisfied at once; a document missing any one of them is absolutely void, and at most survives as a receipt for the amount it names.
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KKDF on Deferred-Payment Imports into Türkiye: Which Payment Method Triggers the Levy
The Resource Utilisation Support Fund (KKDF) is not a customs duty and does not follow the tariff. It follows the payment method: acceptance credit, deferred letter of credit and cash against goods. Because the exposure is usually found years later in a post-clearance control, the fund line arrives with an added VAT line and a penalty on top — and the defence is documentary, not legal.
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Reinstating a Struck-Off Turkish Company: The Action for Re-registration under TCC Art. 547
A company deleted from the Turkish trade registry has no legal personality. TCC Art. 547 lets the last liquidators, board members, shareholders or creditors ask the commercial court at the registered seat to re-register it until the outstanding liquidation work is finished; a separate route under Provisional Art. 7 covers companies struck off ex officio.
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Authorised Economic Operator Status in Türkiye: Suspension, Revocation and the Routes of Challenge
Losing authorised economic operator status stops a supply chain before it stops a balance sheet. Turkish customs law separates suspension, revocation and cancellation into three different acts with three different consequences — and the fifteen-day objection under Article 242 of Customs Law No. 4458 runs from service, whichever one you receive.
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Closing an Inward Processing Authorisation in Türkiye: What Happens When the Export Commitment Is Not Met
An inward processing certificate ends when the export commitment account is closed, not when its period expires. Where that account closes short, the duties never collected at import are recovered as of the import date, interest has been running since the regime declaration was registered, and a penalty follows under Article 238 — whose headline figure is not the one that usually applies.
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Asset Deal in Türkiye: The Debt That Transfers With the Business (TCO Art. 202, TCC Art. 11/3, Labour Act Art. 6)
Foreign buyers often choose an asset deal to avoid inheriting a Turkish company's history. Turkish law does not fully allow that — three separate statutes move debt across with the business.
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After the Three-Month Deadline: The Line Between Annulment and Nullity of a General Assembly Resolution (TCC Arts. 445–447)
The three months in TCC Art. 445 run from the date of the resolution; once they pass, only nullity under Art. 447 survives.
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The Importer’s Two Certificates in Türkiye: Warranty and After-Sales Service Competency (Consumer Law Arts. 56 and 58)
What a company importing listed goods into Türkiye owes: the warranty certificate under Article 56, the Ministry-approved after-sales service competency certificate under Article 58, and the successor-importer rule in Article 58/6 that survives the importer’s exit.
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Retention of Title in Türkiye: Why the Clause in Your Standard Terms Almost Never Works (Civil Code Art. 764)
A retention of title clause in a foreign supplier's standard terms is almost always worthless in Türkiye. Article 764 of the Turkish Civil Code makes the reservation valid only where the sale is drawn up as a notarial deed and entered in the special register at the notary of the buyer's domicile — and where that entry is missing, the sale is treated as an outright sale.
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Tariff Classification Disputes in Türkiye: Binding Tariff Information, Reclassification and Retrospective Duty
A Binding Tariff Information under Article 9 of Customs Law No. 4458 runs for six years, but it binds the administration only as to the tariff position and only for clearances completed after it was issued. What it secures, how it lapses, and what a reclassification costs in duty, VAT and the three-times fine in Article 234.
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Placing a Medical Device on the Turkish Market: ÜTS Registration, the Authorised Representative and Importer Liability
A device made outside Türkiye and the EU may be placed on the Turkish market only if the manufacturer appoints an authorised representative — and that representative answers for defective devices jointly and severally with the manufacturer.
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The Legal Position of Health Tourism Intermediaries in Türkiye: Authorisation and Allocation of Responsibility
USHAŞ licenses the intermediary and the Ministry of Health licenses the facility; Article 6/3 of the 2025 regulation then divides responsibility between them by type of service supplied, leaving recourse, data roles and suspension to the contract.
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The International Health Tourism Authorisation Certificate in Türkiye: Application, Refusal, Suspension and Revocation
The Ministry of Health authorises the facility and USHAŞ the intermediary; the certificate is per-establishment and non-transferable, and the 2025 Regulation sets out five separate routes to suspension or revocation, and its complication insurance rule applies to the facility.
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Turkish Building Maintenance Charges: The 2026 Cap Applies Only to the Provisional Operating Budget
The revaluation-rate ceiling introduced in 2026 attaches to the figure a manager may put in a provisional operating budget where an existing budget is still running, not to what the general assembly of owners approves.
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Employee Inventions in Türkiye: Notification, the Four-Month Claim Window and the Compensation Owed (SMK Arts. 113–115)
An employee makes an invention at work. Who owns it, what must be notified, how long does the employer have to claim it — and how is the payment actually calculated?
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Buying a Turkish Apartment Without an Occupancy Permit: Which Transactions Are Blocked (Zoning Act Arts. 30–31)
A missing occupancy permit does not stop the sale and does not by itself make the building unlawful. What it freezes is a specific list: the conversion of a construction servitude into freehold condominium ownership, the ex officio change of the property's registered class, and the utility connections of the units that lack it. This guide separates the administrative consequences from the myths and shows where the shortfall turns into a defect claim.
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Parent Company Liability in Turkish Groups of Companies: Abuse of Control under TCC Arts. 202 and 206
Turkish law does not make a parent liable for its subsidiary's debts simply because it holds the shares. What it does is measure a single thing: whether control was exercised in a way that caused the subsidiary a loss, and whether that loss was compensated before the financial year closed.
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Revocation of an Investment Incentive Certificate in Türkiye and Recovery of State Aid
When a Turkish investment incentive certificate is revoked, the support already enjoyed does not simply stop — it is recovered as a public receivable under Law No. 6183, with a default surcharge running from the date each payment was made. Article 32 of Decision No. 9903 also holds the reservation that decides most files: where obligations were only partly unmet, a partial sanction takes the place of revocation.
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Online Copyright Takedown in Türkiye: FSEK Additional Article 4 Compared With the Law 5651 Blocking Route
A rights holder who wants infringing material removed from a Turkish-facing site does not use the internet blocking law. Additional Article 4 of Law No. 5846 sets a two-step procedure — a three-day demand on the content provider, then an application to the public prosecutor.
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Share Transfer in a Turkish Limited Company: The Validity Chain under TCC Art. 595
Buying into a Turkish limited company is not a single signature. Article 595 of the Commercial Code builds a chain — written agreement with notarised signatures, general assembly approval, share ledger, trade registry — and the transfer becomes effective only where every link holds.
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Is a Foreign-Owned Turkish Company — or a Branch — 'Resident in Türkiye' under Decree No. 32?
Foreign investors assume the currency restriction is for local businesses. Article 2(b) of Decree No. 32 turns on legal domicile, so a wholly foreign-owned Turkish company is a resident — and the carve-outs it does have are narrower than most contracts assume.
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Trade Union Authorisation in Türkiye: The Determination, the Objection Window and the Employer's Duties (Law 6356)
A union clears two thresholds at once under Article 41 of Law No. 6356 — one per cent of the branch of activity and over half the workplace. The first document the employer sees is the Ministry's determination, and from service it has six working days to object.
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Urban Transformation in Türkiye: What the 4 February 2026 Amendment Changed for Owners, and the Position of an Owner Who Does Not Sign
A regulation change published on 4 February 2026 rewrote how a majority decision is taken on a risky-building parcel, how the offer reaches an owner who does not sign, and what must be on the file before a building permit is applied for.
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Enforcing a Debt Against a Turkish Municipality: What Cannot Be Seized and the Ten-Day Declaration of Assets
A municipality is not immune from enforcement — only four categories of its assets are. What Article 15 of the Municipality Law actually shields, the ten-day step the enforcement office must take before any attachment, why the burden of proof sits on the municipality, and where the İYUK thirty-day payment rule comes first.
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Short-Term Tourist Rental Permits in Türkiye: The Unanimity Requirement and the Limits of the Management Plan (Law 7464)
Since 1 January 2024 a Turkish home let for one hundred days or less needs a Ministry permit, and the file will not be accepted without a unanimous decision of the building's flat owners. This guide reads Articles 1 to 5 of Law No. 7464 with the 2023 Regulation, explains who actually votes, and separates the two appeal routes.
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Reporting Counterfeit Goods on a Turkish Marketplace: The Notice Under E-Commerce Law Art. 9 and the Seller's Counter-Notice
Article 9(3) of Law No. 6563 makes a marketplace remove a listing on the right holder’s documented complaint — and put it back on the seller’s documented objection. The complaint has five compulsory items, the removal runs to forty-eight hours, the republication to twenty-four, and the second complaint on the same allegation is barred.
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When Your Turkish Distributor Registers Your Trademark: SMK Art. 6(2), Art. 10 and the Five-Year Acquiescence Bar
A distributor or agent that filed your brand in its own name holds the register entry, but Law No. 6769 answers this by name: the filing can be opposed, the registration invalidated, and the registration itself ordered transferred to you — provided the five-year acquiescence clock has not run.
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Customs Administrative Fines in Türkiye: Articles 234–241, the 15-Day Objection and the Settlement Route (Art. 244)
A customs penalty decision runs on a fifteen-day clock: objection under Article 242 or settlement under Article 244, never both at once, and each article of the Law measures the fine on a different base.
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Marketplace Seller Rights in Türkiye: Store Suspension, Product Delisting and Withheld Payouts
Since 2023 a marketplace in Türkiye cannot switch a seller's store off at will. There is a statutory sequence, a payment deadline measured in business days, and a set of exceptions that decide most disputes.
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Türkiye's Distance Contracts Regulation From 1 January 2026: A Compliance Checklist for Sellers
The amendment published in the Official Gazette of 24 May 2025 took effect on 1 January 2026 — on the same day a package of 2022 rules came out of a three-year suspension. This is what an online seller's terms have to say now.
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Royalties and Licence Fees in Turkish Customs Value: When Article 27 Requires an Addition
The two-condition test that decides whether a licence fee belongs in the declared customs value of imported goods — and what a post-clearance audit costs when it was left out.
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Anti-Circumvention Investigations in Türkiye: What an Exporter Must File and When
A foreign manufacturer's guide to the Turkish circumvention regime: the two statutory limbs, what the authority need not prove, the filing timetable, and the security that can be taken at the border while the case runs.
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Product Recall in Türkiye: The Three Mandatory Options and Who Bears the Cost (Law 7223, Art. 19)
What a Turkish manufacturer or importer must actually do when a product has to come back from consumers — the statutory ladder of measures, the three options, and the rule that every recall cost sits with the operator.
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Turkey Steel Products: 2026 List, İGV and EMY
A practical guide for corporate importers to Türkiye's additional financial obligation: its statutory basis, how it is collected alongside customs duty, and the fifteen-day objection route.
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Is an Employer of Record Lawful in Türkiye? Article 7 of the Labour Act and Its Hard Limits
Turkish law does not know the term employer of record. It knows the temporary employment relationship under Article 7 of the Labour Act No. 4857 — available through an İŞKUR-authorised private employment agency on closed grounds and short clocks, or inside a group of companies. Everything outside that is characterised on its facts.
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Payment Diversion Fraud in Türkiye: Freezing and Tracing Misdirected Funds under the New CMK Article 128/A
Turkish banks and payment providers can now suspend a receiving account for up to 48 hours on reasonable suspicion of qualified fraud. What foreign companies must do in the first hours after a payment is diverted.
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When Your Machine Is Seized in a Turkish Debtor's Warehouse: The Third-Party Ownership Claim and Its Seven-Day Windows
Equipment on lease, tooling on loan and consignment stock in a Turkish debtor's warehouse can be attached for that debtor's unrelated debts — and the İİK Arts. 96-99 route to release them closes in seven days.
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Trade Secret Protection in Türkiye: There Is No Separate Act — the Framework Sits in TCC Arts. 54–63
Türkiye has no standalone trade secrets act. Protection is assembled from the unfair competition chapter of the Commercial Code (Arts. 54–63), the employee’s statutory duties in the Code of Obligations, and Art. 239 of the Criminal Code — each with its own conditions.
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Fast-Track Enforcement of Promissory Notes & Bills of Exchange in Turkey: The İİK Art. 167–170 Debt Recovery Regime
Fast-track recovery of commercial debt backed by promissory notes and bills of exchange under Turkish Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law Arts. 167–170: 5-day objection window and asset seizure.
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Setting Aside and Annulment of Arbitral Awards in Turkey: Grounds and Procedure under HMK Art. 439
Challenging domestic and Turkish-seated arbitral awards before Regional Courts of Appeal under HMK Art. 439: statutory annulment grounds, the 30-day forfeiture period, and injunctions against execution.
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Piercing the Corporate Veil, Asset Tracing, and Fraudulent Transfers in Turkey (TCC Art. 553, EBL Art. 277 & TPC Art. 158)
Enforcing judgments against parent companies, controlling shareholders, and sister entities in Turkey through veil-piercing and avoidance actions.
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Enforcing Bank Guarantee Letters in Turkey: Injunctions Against Unfair Encashment (HMK Art. 389) and TBK Art. 128 Liabilities
Comprehensive legal guide to enforcing bank guarantee letters in Turkey, obtaining emergency preliminary injunctions against fraudulent calls under HMK 389, and bank independent payment liabilities under TBK 128.
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Property, Inheritance and Yacht Matters in Fethiye: A Guide for Foreign Clients (2026)
A document-led guide to property, inheritance and yacht matters connected with Fethiye and Göcek: checking representation, identifying the appropriate application and preparing the papers for legal review.
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Legal Matters in Istanbul for Foreign Clients and Companies: Courts, Procedure and Representation
How Istanbul courts work for a foreign company: which court hears a commercial case and how venue is decided (TTK Art. 5; HMK Arts. 6, 9, 10, 17), security for costs, precautionary attachment, powers of attorney, UYAP and how legal fees are agreed.
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Corporate Shareholder Disputes, Minority Rights & Board Liability in Turkey: Strategic Litigation Guide
In-depth corporate litigation guide for foreign investors, joint venture partners, and minority shareholders on General Assembly annulments (TCC 445), director personal liability (TCC 553), special audit orders (TCC 438), joint venture deadlocks, and court-ordered dissolution under TCC 531.
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Commercial Fraud, Asset Tracing & White-Collar Crime in Turkey: Corporate Investigation & Asset Recovery Guide
Strategic litigation roadmap for multinational corporations, foreign investors, and funds on aggravated fraud (TCK 158), emergency criminal asset freezing (CMK 128), director embezzlement (TCK 155 / TCC 553), MASAK transaction suspensions, and cross-border asset recovery in Turkey.
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Medical Malpractice Claims for Foreign Patients in Turkey: Cosmetic Surgery & Bariatric Negligence Compensation
Strategic legal guide for international medical tourists on physician and private hospital liability under TCO Articles 506 and 66, proving surgical negligence, forensic medicine board audits, and claiming full economic and moral damages for revision surgeries and bodily harm in Turkey.
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Registering Commercial Claims in Turkish Bankruptcy & Concordat Estates: Priority Ranking & 15-Day Appeals under İİK
Comprehensive legal guide for domestic and cross-border creditors on claim registration deadlines under Turkish Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law Articles 218-235, statutory priority rankings under Article 206, and filing lawsuits to challenge the claims schedule within 15 days.
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Action for Annulment of Fraudulent Conveyance & Asset Recovery in Turkey (EBL Arts. 277-284)
How international creditors challenge fraudulent asset transfers, sham real estate sales, and debtor asset dissipation in Turkey under Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law Articles 277-284.
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Source Code Ownership, IP Due Diligence and FSEK Art. 18 Copyright Assignment in SaaS Companies
Legal guidelines on software source code ownership, employee vs contractor copyright assignment under FSEK Art. 18, and open-source viral licensing risks in M&A due diligence.
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Employee Stock Option Plans (ESOP) & Phantom Shares for Startups under Turkish Law
How global startups and Turkish scaleups structure equity incentive plans (ESOP), conditional capital increases under TCC Art. 463, non-voting dividend certificates (Art. 502), and phantom stock.
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Board Member Liability, Discharge and Derivative Claims in Turkish Joint Stock Companies
A deep legal guide on the duty of care, differentiated joint liability under Article 557 of the Turkish Commercial Code, legal effects of general assembly discharge (ibra), and statutory limitation periods.
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Patent or Utility Model in Türkiye: Which Fits, and When
Turkish law offers two registered rights for a technical invention, and the choice between them is made at filing rather than later. This note sets out what each one demands in substance, how long each lasts, how the search report and examination stages differ, and what a foreign applicant should expect on the PCT and European routes.
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Short-Term Residence Permits in Türkiye: Grounds, Renewal and Refusals
The short-term residence permit is the route most foreign investors, property owners and long-stay visitors take into Türkiye's residence system. This guide sets out the grounds in Article 31 of Law No. 6458, the minimum property value introduced in 2022, the closed-neighbourhood practice, the renewal window and what can be done when an application is refused.
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Customs Seizure of Counterfeit Goods in Türkiye
Turkish customs can hold a suspect consignment, but only for a short statutory period, and only if the brand owner has already put a surveillance application on file. This note sets out how the application works, what has to be obtained from the court within ten working days of notification, and where the simplified destruction procedure fits.
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Trademark Non-Use Cancellation in Türkiye: The Five-Year Rule
A Turkish registration is not a permanent reservation. Article 9 of Industrial Property Law No. 6769 requires genuine use in Türkiye within five years of registration, and Article 26 allows any interested person to ask for revocation when that use is missing. This guide sets out what genuine use means in practice, what evidence carries weight, and how a specification can be cut back rather than cancelled outright.
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Trademark Opposition in Türkiye: Grounds and Deadlines
An opposition before TÜRKPATENT rises or falls on two things: a two-month period that runs from bulletin publication and cannot be extended, and the evidence you can produce if the applicant asks you to prove use. This note sets out the statutory grounds, the procedure inside the Office, and what happens after the Re-examination and Evaluation Board decides.
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Work Permits in Türkiye: The Employer's Application and the 1:5 Rule
In Türkiye a work permit is applied for by the employer, not by the person who will do the work. This guide sets out the two application routes, the requirement to employ five Turkish citizens per foreign employee, the capital and salary thresholds the Ministry applies, and the narrower routes for shareholders and independent professionals.
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Protecting Your Property Investment in Türkiye: The Complete Stage-by-Stage Guide
Every property investment in Türkiye passes through five stages, and each has its own rules, remedies and statutory deadlines: what to verify before paying, how ownership actually transfers, what consumer law secures in an off-plan purchase, which forum hears which dispute and within what time limit, and how the property passes to foreign heirs.
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How to Read and Verify a Tapu (Title Deed) in Türkiye Before You Buy
Reading the Turkish land-register page before you commit: which title is registered, what the land share (arsa payı) measures, which annotations and mortgages follow the property to the next owner, where online enquiries stop, and the signs that should halt a purchase.
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Late Delivery of an Off-Plan Apartment in Türkiye: Your Rights
Off-plan purchases in Türkiye run under a dedicated regime: delivery must happen within the contractual period and never more than 48 months from the contract date. This guide sets out what a buyer can do when that deadline passes, how delay damages and penalty clauses work, and where the claim is brought.
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Suing a Developer in the Turkish Consumer Courts: A Foreign Buyer's Guide
A claim against a Turkish developer is won or lost twice: at the start, in choosing the right forum and clearing the pre-action conditions, and at the end, in whether the judgment can actually be collected. This guide sets out the route from notice to enforcement for a buyer based abroad.
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Real Estate Fraud in Türkiye: Types, Remedies and Asset Freezing
Property fraud in Türkiye is answered on two tracks opened together — a criminal denunciation, which is prosecuted ex officio with no complaint deadline, and a civil action to cancel a wrongful registration or recover money — both supported by measures that freeze the property and the bank accounts before they move on.
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Recovering a Property Deposit (Kapora) in Türkiye
Turkish law does not use the word kapora. Money handed over at contract formation is presumed to prove that a contract was made — not to buy a right to walk away — and a promise to sell land is void unless drawn up by a notary. This guide explains when a deposit must be returned, on what legal basis, within what period, and before which forum.
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Developer Bankruptcy and Konkordato in Türkiye: The Buyer's Position
When a developer enters konkordato or bankruptcy, the buyer stops being a contracting party and becomes a creditor in a collective procedure governed by short deadlines and a strict ranking. This guide sets out how the claim is registered, what a land-registry annotation does and does not do, when performance in kind is possible, and where the buyer actually stands.
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Foreign Succession Documents in Türkiye: Recognition (Tanıma) and the Heir's Tapu Transfer (İntikal)
For foreign heirs to property in Türkiye: what a succession document issued abroad is worth at the land registry, when recognition (tanıma) under MÖHUK Art. 58 is required, how the Turkish certificate of inheritance is obtained, and how the intikal is registered with its tax and fees.
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Construction Defects in Türkiye: Warranty Liability for Property Buyers
A defective building is not a commercial negotiation in Türkiye — it is a statutory warranty regime. The seller answers for defects even without knowing of them, buildings carry their own five-year limitation period (twenty on gross fault), and a consumer buyer of a home gets a second layer on top.
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Turkish Banking Law Explained: The Statutes and the Four Regulators
Türkiye does not have a single financial conduct authority. Banking Law No. 5411 sits at the centre, four further statutes decide which regulator a given activity answers to, and supervision is split between the BDDK, the Central Bank, the Capital Markets Board and MASAK. This guide maps the statutes to the bodies that apply them, as at July 2026.
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Turkish Criminal Procedure Explained
An educational walk-through of the two phases of Turkish criminal procedure under Law No. 5271 — from the prosecutor's investigation to the final appeal — written for readers unfamiliar with the system.
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Turkish Tax Law: The Statutes, the Rates and Who Administers Them
Turkish tax law is one procedural code plus a separate statute for each tax. This guide maps the system — which tax is governed by which law, who pays it, what the headline rate is for the current period, how assessment and audit work, and where a dispute goes.
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How to Sue a Hospital or Doctor in Türkiye: The Procedural Route
Everything in a Turkish medical malpractice claim follows from one fact — whether the provider was private or public. The two routes compared on forum, defendant, compulsory pre-step and time limits, the steps in order, the expert-report stage, and the procedural mistakes that end cases before the merits.
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Medical Malpractice Compensation in Türkiye: The Heads of Damage and How Quantum Is Fixed
Turkish law sets no tariff and no scale for a malpractice award. The heads of pecuniary and non-pecuniary damage under the Code of Obligations, how expert evidence fixes quantum, what reduces an award, and from what date interest runs.
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Cosmetic Surgery Malpractice in Türkiye: Why an Aesthetic Procedure Is Judged Differently
A cosmetic procedure is not judged by the same rule as ordinary medical treatment. Where the aesthetic aspect predominates, the Turkish courts treat the relationship as a works contract, the surgeon guarantees the agreed result, and failure of that result is itself non-performance. The characterisation, the consent burden, the evidence and the foreign patient's position.
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Hair Transplant Complications in Türkiye: What Claim Exists, and Against Whom
A patient harmed by a hair transplant in Türkiye is not left with a complaint about a service — a dedicated Ministry of Health Regulation has governed hair transplant units since 6 May 2023, and it fixes where the procedure may be done and who may do each stage. What the Regulation requires, who the defendants are, the claim route, the documents that decide the file, and how the process works for a patient who has already flown home.
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Dental Malpractice in Türkiye: Characterisation, Forum and the Limitation Trap
A dental claim in Türkiye turns on what was promised. Ordinary treatment follows the mandate model; prosthetic work has been treated as a works contract, where a result is owed — and where the clock can run from delivery rather than from discovery.
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Medical Tourism in Türkiye: A Legal Guide for Foreign Patients
The cross-border layer of a Turkish medical claim: jurisdiction and applicable law under MÖHUK, powers of attorney with apostille and certified translation, suing at home versus suing here, and the Ministry of Health authorisation framework in force since 26 April 2025.
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How Foreign Companies Are Taxed in Türkiye: Rates, Withholding and Filing
A foreign investor's tax position turns on one distinction — full liability on worldwide income, or limited liability on Türkiye-source income only. The rates, the 15% dividend and branch-remittance withholding, the filing calendar and the treaty layer.
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KVKK for Foreign Companies: What Türkiye Requires Beyond GDPR Compliance
A company already compliant with the GDPR is not compliant with Turkish law. KVKK and the GDPR compared on lawful bases, cross-border transfer, registration, breach notification and fines — plus the Turkish obligations with no European equivalent.
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Debt Collection in Türkiye for Foreign Creditors: How Enforcement Works and Which Route Fits Your File
You do not need a judgment — or even a written contract — to start enforcement in Türkiye, but you do need to survive a seven-day objection window. The three enforcement routes, the deadlines that kill a file, and what a foreign judgment is worth here.
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Liaison Office, Branch or Subsidiary: How a Foreign Company Enters Türkiye
Before it forms a company, a foreign investor chooses a vehicle: a liaison office that cannot trade, a branch of the parent, or a Turkish subsidiary. This guide compares the three on legal status, tax and cost.
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Employing Staff in Türkiye: A Complete Guide for Foreign Employers
The complete guide for a foreign company employing staff in Türkiye — contracts, working time and leave, termination and severance, the job-security regime, mandatory mediation and SGK.
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Severance and Notice Pay in Türkiye: How Employer Indemnities Work
How severance (kıdem) and notice (ihbar) indemnities are triggered and calculated in Türkiye — eligibility, the per-year formula and the statutory ceiling.
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Terminating an Employee in Türkiye: Valid Reasons and Job Security
Just cause versus valid reason, the job-security regime, and the reinstatement route through mandatory mediation and the labour courts.
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Employment Contracts in Türkiye: What Foreign Employers Must Get Right
Indefinite versus fixed-term, probation, enforceable non-compete clauses and remote work — the contract points foreign employers most often get wrong.
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Working Time, Overtime and Annual Leave in Türkiye
The 45-hour week, overtime at 1.5×, night-work limits and the annual-leave tiers — the everyday rules that generate most labour claims.
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Workplace Mediation and Labor Litigation in Türkiye: An Employer's Guide
Why almost every labour claim now starts with mandatory mediation, how the labour-court process runs, and how an employer's records decide the outcome.
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Importing Goods into Türkiye: A Customs Guide for Foreign Companies
How importing into Türkiye works — customs valuation and classification, duties and VAT, the documents you need, and the pitfalls that delay or cost importers.
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Anti-Dumping Duties in Türkiye: What Exporters Need to Know
How Türkiye runs anti-dumping investigations, how the duties are calculated, and how a foreign exporter can defend its position.
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Türkiye's Free Zones: Tax & Customs Advantages for Investors
The tax, customs and currency advantages of Türkiye's free zones under Law No. 3218 — and who they actually suit.
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The Inward Processing Regime in Türkiye: Duty Relief for Manufacturers
How the inward processing regime lets manufacturers import inputs duty-free to make goods for export — and the compliance it demands.
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Buying Property in Türkiye as a Foreigner: A Practical Guide
A step-by-step guide for foreign buyers: who may acquire property under Article 35, when a valuation report is still required, title due diligence, taxes and the closing process.
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Trademark Registration in Türkiye: A Foreign Owner's Guide
A practical guide to registering a trademark in Türkiye as a foreign owner — the first-to-file rule, the TÜRKPATENT and Madrid routes, the process, and the duty to actually use the mark.
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Setting Up a Company in Türkiye as a Foreigner
A practical guide for foreign investors forming a company in Türkiye — entity choice, minimum capital, the incorporation process and the points that most often catch newcomers.
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Ending a Distributorship in Türkiye: The Portfolio Indemnity Trap
Why terminating a Turkish distributor or agent can trigger a portfolio (goodwill) indemnity under Article 122 of the Commercial Code.
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Shareholders' Agreements in Turkish Joint Ventures
Drag-along, tag-along, veto rights and deadlock — and where they collide with the Turkish Commercial Code.
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Enforcing Foreign Arbitral Awards in Türkiye
How the New York Convention and the International Arbitration Law govern recognition of foreign awards in Türkiye.
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Konkordato: Financial Restructuring for Companies in Türkiye
How the concordat process under the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law gives a distressed company breathing room from creditors.
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A Paradigm Shift in Industrial Property Law: The 2025 Administrative Cancellation Regime
How TÜRKPATENT's new administrative cancellation mechanism and the 2025 regulation reshape trademark strategy.
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Understanding Deportation in Türkiye
Grounds for removal, entry bans under Law No. 6458, and how to challenge a deportation decision.
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Enforcement of Foreign Judgments in Türkiye: Key Considerations
Recognition and enforcement under MÖHUK (Law No. 5718) — reciprocity, requirements and pitfalls.
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Understanding Medical Malpractice Laws in Türkiye
Liability, limitation periods and compensation in Turkish medical negligence claims.
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Navigating Mergers & Acquisitions in the Turkish Corporate Sector
Deal drivers, market trends and lessons from landmark Turkish M&A transactions.
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Customs Duty in Türkiye: A Comprehensive Guide
Customs Law No. 4458, duty types, valuation and penalties under the Anti-Smuggling Law.
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Mandatory Mediation in Turkish Law: An Overview
Where mediation is a precondition to litigation in employment and commercial disputes.
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Türkiye's Rent Regulations: A Guide for Landlords and Tenants
Rent increase caps, TBK Arts. 344–345 and the balance of landlord and tenant rights.
